通過鍛造能消除金屬在冶煉過程中產(chǎn)生的鑄態(tài)疏松等缺陷，優(yōu)化微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)，同時由于保存了完整的金屬流線，鍛件的機械性能一般優(yōu)于同樣材料的鑄件。

Forging can eliminate the defects such as casting porosity and so on during the smelting process, and optimize the microstructure. At the same time, because of the intact metal flow line, the mechanical properties of the forgings are generally better than those of the same materials.

低塑性拔長時，應(yīng)注意選擇合適的送進(jìn)比，送進(jìn)比太小時，變形集中在上下部，中心都鍛不透，并沿軸向產(chǎn)生拉鍛造應(yīng)關(guān)于鍛件的一些基本知識力，導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部橫向裂紋產(chǎn)生。在鐓粗時，常用軟襯墊鐓粗或疊鐓（用于鍛薄餅形零件），以改善變形的不均勻性，防止產(chǎn)生表面裂紋。鍛造工具種類繁多，也是密集型作業(yè)，要求每個技術(shù)人員都不能馬虎，堅守自己的崗位，嘈雜的環(huán)境需要冷靜的技師，不能隨意操作。

When low plasticity is pulled out, attention should be paid to selecting suitable delivery ratio, sending too much time, deformation  on the upper and lower parts, and the center can not be built, and forging along the axial direction should be related to some basic knowledge of forging, resulting in the occurrence of internal transverse cracks. In the upsetting, commonly used soft liner (for upsetting or folding upsetting forging thin pancake, uneven parts) to improve the deformation, prevent the generation of cracks on the surface.

自由鍛造是靠人工操作來控制鍛件的形狀和尺寸的，所以鍛件精度低，加工余量大，勞動強度大，生產(chǎn)率也不高，因此它主要應(yīng)用于單件、小批量生產(chǎn)。

Free forging is by manual operation to the shape and size of the forgings, so the precision of the forgings is low, the processing allowance is large, the labor intensity is big, and the productivity is not high. Therefore, it is mainly used in single piece and small batch production.

鐓粗主要有以下形式：

完全鐓粗。完全鐓粗是將坯料豎直放在砧面上， 在上砧的錘擊下， 使坯料產(chǎn)生高度減小，橫截面積增大的塑性變形。

Upsetting mainly includes the following forms:

Full upsetting. Complete upsetting is to place the blank vertically on the anvil surface, hammering on the anvil, so that the height of the blank decreases, the cross-sectional area increases plastic deformation.